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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
ืชืžืจ ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ื‘ืื™
2024

ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื• ืคืขื ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื? ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ื—ืœืžื•, ื‘ืžื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื•?
ืžื” ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื™ืœื™ ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™, ื•ืžื” ืฆื™ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื™ึพืœื™ื ื’ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื”? ืื™ืœื• ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืœื™ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื•ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ ืื•ืจึพืžืžื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื? ื”ืื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื’ื’ื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช, ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื‘ืฉื• ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื?

ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืฉืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื’ื ืืช ืกืคื•ืจื. ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ื”ื•ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ ืื• ื™ืœื“ื”, ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืคื™ืกื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ืคืื–ืœ ืžืจืชืง ื”ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ื•ื”, ื•ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.

ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช ืชืžืจ ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ื‘ืื™, ื›ืœืช ืคืจืก ื‘ืจื ืจ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจืก ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืžืจ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืกืกื” ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื” ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืจื‘ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื•. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘, ื•ืžืกืคืจืช ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืฉื™ืจื– ืคื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืคื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื•ืœืžื

Two Bronze Age Cemeteries in the Qirya Quarter of Tel Aviv
Two Bronze Age Cemeteries in the Qirya Quarter of Tel Aviv
Eliot Braun and Edwin C.M. van den Brink
2022

The excavation report is devoted to two Bronze Age cemeteries in Tel Aviv, which allows for a very significant contribution to an understanding of ancient activity in the Qirya quarter prior to the development of the modern city of Tel Aviv. The excavations revealed two distinct chronoculturally complexes of tombs, one a burial ground of the Early Bronze Age, the other a cemetery of the Intermediate Bronze and Middle Bronze Ages. Their excavation and associated finds, as well as objects from nearby tombs from earlier excavations, are the subjects of this report. The Early Bronze Age cemetery of the Qirya Quarter in Tel Aviv was a burial ground of uncertain size that indubitably covered a much larger area than has been excavated. Definitively included within its precincts are several quarried cave tombs used for multiple burials and a single, barely-preserved cavity. The evidence clearly indicates these tombs, once quarried, were used for the repose of individuals over a period of at least several generations. Thus, that part of the ridge devoted to mortuary functions may be deemed a formalized cemetery to which numerous people repaired when in need of disposing remains of departed members of their society. Fifty tombs are assigned to the Intermediate Bronze Age. The paucity of excavated settlements of the IB period in the coastal plain means that our understanding of this period is derived almost exclusively from cemeteries. The excavation of this IB cemetery adds somewhat to the picture of what is believed to have been a rather dispersed IB settlement system. The presentation of the tombs (chs. 1โ€“8) is followed by reports on the anthropological finds (ch. 9), Hellenistic and Roman finds (ch. 10), metal finds (ch. 11), lithic assemblage (ch. 12), beads and pendants (ch. 13), scarabs (ch. 14), shells (ch. 15).

Kinneret II : results of the excavations at Tell el-'Oreฬ„me, 1994-2008
Volume 1: The Bronze Age, Iron Age II, Post-Iron Age Periods, and Other Studies
Kinneret II : results of the excavations at Tell el-'Oreฬ„me, 1994-2008
Volume 1: The Bronze Age, Iron Age II, Post-Iron Age Periods, and Other Studies
Wolfgang Zwickel and Juha Pakkala (eds.)
2024

Tell el-โ€˜Orฤ“me is a large archaeological site on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee. Excavations of the site by Volkmar Fritz (1938โ€“2007) in the 1980s and 1990s revealed its archaeological importance: Tell el-โ€˜Orฤ“me or ancient Kinneret had been a major city in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Stefan Mรผnger (Bern), Juha Pakkala (Helsinki), Jรผrgen Zangenberg (Leiden) and Wolfgang Zwickel (Mainz) formed the Kinneret Regional Project in order to restart the excavations and to clarify unsolved problems. Building on Fritzโ€™s results, the Kinneret Regional Project excavated from 2003 to 2008, and concluded that the siteโ€™s habitation left remains of at least 13 strata dating from the Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age to Iron Age II. Remains of human activity predating and postdating these periods were also detected. This publication is the first of two volumes of the renewed excavations since the 1990s. It is thus the final excavation report that includes the results gained by Fritz in the 1990s and the results of the Kinneret Regional Project in the following decade. The volume covers the Chalcolithic/Bronze Age and Iron Age II strata, as well as other remains mainly from later periods. The current volume also contains the publication of some additional archaeological projects on the tell, and special studies on a number of finds and topics related to the excavations, such as stone objects, flints, archaeobotany, and archaeozoology.

ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ
2024


ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ืื”ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืžืกืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื•, ืžืชื™ ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™, ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืกืคืจ ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืืœื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืœืžื“ ืœืงื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื•ืœืขื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.

Tell es-Safi/Gath III: Studies on the Early Bronze Age, Part 1
Tell es-Safi/Gath III: Studies on the Early Bronze Age, Part 1
Itzhaq Shai, Haskel J. Greenfield and Aren M. Maeir (eds.)
2023

Tell eแนฃ-แนขรขfi/Gath Archaeological Project commenced in 1996 and continued until the summer season of July 2021, which constituted the last largescale season of the project. Over the course of 25 years, as excavations, field surveys and various research on the archaeology, history and environment of this site was conducted, numerous publications relating to the project have appeared, including articles, chapters and volumes. Two previous volumes of the final reports have already appeared, dealing with various aspects relating to the site: Tell es-Safi/Gath I (ร„AT 69); Tell es-Safi/Gath II (ร„AT 105). The present, third volume of the final reports, is the first part of a sub-series of the final reports dedicated to the Early Bronze Age remains on the site. In this volume, the three upper levels (E5a, E5b, E5c), which were extensively investigated from 2004 until 2014, are described in detail. Next to the โ€œStratigraphy of the Early Bronze Ageโ€, chapters are devoted, among others, to the โ€œLithic Assemblageโ€, the โ€œPottery Assemblageโ€, the โ€œBasalt Ground Stone Objectsโ€, โ€œIsotope Analyses of Domestic Animalโ€, a โ€œRitual Domestic Donkey Burialโ€ and โ€œCopper Objects and their Provenanceโ€.

Physical Descriptions, Biometrics, and Eikonographia in Graeco-Roman Papyri from Egypt
Physical Descriptions, Biometrics, and Eikonographia in Graeco-Roman Papyri from Egypt
Ella Karev
2025

In modern life, an identity document bearing a photograph is an indispensable feature. Yet this connection between physical appearance and legal identity is not as modern as it may seem. In Graeco-Roman Egypt, Greek texts also bore โ€œlexical photographsโ€: standardised, detailed physical descriptions (eikones) of individuals including height, skin colour, hair texture, the shape of the nose and face, and other identifiers like body modifications and disabilities. For the first time, this book collects the nearly 4000 extant eikones and their role in society, bringing the images of real individuals to life within the everyday biometric system in which they acted, worked, and relied upon for identification.

ืžืจืฉื” ื‘ืฉืคืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ืžื‘ื˜ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™
ืžืจืฉื” ื‘ืฉืคืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ืžื‘ื˜ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™
ืขืžื•ืก ืงืœื•ื ืจ, ื ื™ืœื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ื•ืขื– ื–ื™ืกื•
2023

ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืžืจืฉื” ื•ื”ืชืœ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ-ืžืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ืฉืคืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, 'ืืจืฅ ืืœืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช', ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื ื›-500 ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื. ื‘-2014 ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ืืชืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืื•ื ืกืง"ื•.
ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจืฉื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900. ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืจื›ื” ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืœ ื•ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืขื™ืจ ืžืงืจืื™ืช., ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืœ ืชื•ืขื“ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื•ืช ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช.
ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ืชืœ ืžืจืฉื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืชื’ืœื• ืฉืœืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื: ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžืคื•ืืจ ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฆื‘ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื. ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืžื—ืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืจื•ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื, ืžืชืงื ื™ ืจื—ืฆื”, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื“. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื’ืฉื’ื”, ืกื—ืจื” ืขื ืขืจื™ื ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืžื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™, ืื“ื•ืžื™ืื™ ื•ืคื ื™ืงื™ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.
ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 108 ืœืคืกื”"ื  ื›ื‘ืฉ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืจืฉื” ื•ืืช ื—ื‘ืœ ืื“ื•ืžื™ืื”. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขื–ื‘ื• ืื• ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื•. ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ื•ืžืขืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืชืžืœืื• ืกื—ืฃ. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืจืฉื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ-ืืœืื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ('ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ'), ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืจืฉื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช.
ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืžืจืฉื” ื•ื”ืชืœ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ-ืžืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ืฉืคืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, 'ืืจืฅ ืืœืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช', ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื ื›-500 ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื. ื‘-2014 ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ืืชืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืื•ื ืกืง"ื•.
ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจืฉื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900. ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืจื›ื” ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืœ ื•ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืขื™ืจ ืžืงืจืื™ืช., ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืœ ืชื•ืขื“ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื•ืช ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช.
ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ืชืœ ืžืจืฉื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืชื’ืœื• ืฉืœืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื: ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžืคื•ืืจ ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฆื‘ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื. ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืžื—ืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืจื•ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื, ืžืชืงื ื™ ืจื—ืฆื”, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื“. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื’ืฉื’ื”, ืกื—ืจื” ืขื ืขืจื™ื ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืžื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™, ืื“ื•ืžื™ืื™ ื•ืคื ื™ืงื™ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.
ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 108 ืœืคืกื”"ื  ื›ื‘ืฉ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืจืฉื” ื•ืืช ื—ื‘ืœ ืื“ื•ืžื™ืื”. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขื–ื‘ื• ืื• ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื•. ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ื•ืžืขืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืชืžืœืื• ืกื—ืฃ. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืจืฉื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ-ืืœืื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ('ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ'), ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืจืฉื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช.

ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”: ืžื‘ื˜ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื—'ืจื‘ืช ื•ืื“ื™ ืืœ-ื—ืžืื
ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”: ืžื‘ื˜ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื—'ืจื‘ืช ื•ืื“ื™ ืืœ-ื—ืžืื
ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื ืจ
2024

ื‘ืžื•ืฆื ื ื—ืœ ืืจื‘ืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžืžื ื• ื ืฉืงืคื™ื ื”ื›ื ืจืช ื•ืžืฆื•ืงื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืœ, ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช โ€“ ื—'ืจื‘ืช ื•ืื“ื™ ืืœ-ื—ืžืื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2012-2007 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืืชืจ ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ืขืžื“ื” ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”'ื’ืœื™ืœื™'' ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืฉืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืคืกื™ืคืก ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื•. ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืชืจ ื ื—ืคืจื• ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจ ื ื™ืชืื™ ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื ื—ืคืจื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืžืชื ื™, ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื™ื• ื ืกืงืจื• ืžืขืจื•ืช ืžืคืœื˜ ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ื›ื™ ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืžืงืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“.
ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืœืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื•: ืžืชื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื•? ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ? ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื–ืืช ืžืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื? ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื? ืžืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“? ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื?

ื”ืชืœ ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืงืกื™ืœื” ืฉืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ
ื”ืชืœ ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืงืกื™ืœื” ืฉืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ
ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืžื–ืจ
2023

ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืงืกื™ืœื”, ื”ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื’ื“ืชื• ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืœืืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจ ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืœ ืงืกื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื (ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจื” โ€“ ื”ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืœืคืกื”"ื ), ืฉืื– ื ื•ืกื“ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืคืœืฉืชื™ืช. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืคืœืฉืช, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืœ ืงืกื™ืœื” ื ื•ืขื“ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืžืœ ืœืกื—ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื›ื ืขื ื™ื.
ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืขื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืงื‘ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื–ื”. ืคืจืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืงืกื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจื” โ€“ ื”ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืœืคืกื”"ื , ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืจืขื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช ืืœืฃ ืœืคืกื”"ื . ืคืจืง ืื—ืจ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื•. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืงื ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช-ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืœืคืกื”"ื , ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ืกืคืง ืื ืื•ื›ืœืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืžืžืฆื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื ื—ืฉืคื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ ืื• ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืืจ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช; ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื•ืง ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช; ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืขื ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืžืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช; ื—ืืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช.

ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืžืช ืฉืœ ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ: ืฆื™ื“ ื•ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืžืช ืฉืœ ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ: ืฆื™ื“ ื•ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืขื•ื–, ื“ืŸ ืžืœืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื ื™ ื ื“ืœ
2024

ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื’ืœื” ืืœืคื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืขื ืงื™ื™ื. ืœื›ืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœื›ื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืงื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืฉืคืš ืžื•ืืจืš, ื”ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืชืงืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืžื›ืœืื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื 'ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ'. ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื“ืจื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืœืคื• ืžืื– ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ื”ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืขืœืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืขืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืžื’ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืืฉืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื. ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื“ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ืขื“ื•ืชื ื”ืื™ืœืžืช ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืคืจืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”, ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื, ืื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืคืจืื™ื, ืฆื‘ืื™ื ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื—ืจื•ืชื•ืช ืกืœืข ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืชื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจืช ื’ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื“ืจื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ.

The Southern Room of Amun in the Temple of Hatshepsut
Volume 1: History and Epigraphy
The Southern Room of Amun in the Temple of Hatshepsut
Volume 1: History and Epigraphy
Katarzyna Kapiec
2023

The publication is the first volume of the studies devoted to the Southern Room of Amun in the temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari. An overview of research conducted in the Southern Room of Amun and its surroundings is given in the first chapters. A detailed description of the decoration constitutes the main part of the book. The presentation of each wall is constructed according to the following order: state of preservation, polychromy, description of the figures, texts (transcription, transliteration, and translation) given in the altered versions with comments often including the reconstruction of the original layout of the inscriptions from the reign of Hatshepsut. Such an approach was particularly useful in illustrating the changes performed during the reign of Thutmose III and Amarna period as well as the post-Amarna reconstructions. Therefore, the study not only serves to identify the function of the discussed room but also to shed light on Hatshepsut's times and relevant elements of religion exposed during her reign and after (to be published in a second volume).
The documentation and epigraphic studies prepared over the years proved the need of including a chapter discussing the erasures and re-carvings in the decoration during the sole reign of Thutmose III and clarifying the knowledge about the chronology of the relief works carried out in this room.
In addition, this volume includes an appendix written by Izabela Uchman on multidisciplinary conservation and restoration works undertaken in the studied room.

Colonial Archaeology in Palestine in the 1930s: the First Expedition to Lachish
Colonial Archaeology in Palestine in the 1930s: the First Expedition to Lachish
Yosef Garfinkel
2024

Colonial Archaeology in Palestine in the 1930s: The First Expedition to Lachish This book presents a biography of the First Expedition to Lachish, one of the most famous archaeological expeditions to the Near East. It was directed by James Lesley Starkey, who was murdered on 10 January 1938 on his way to Jerusalem. Lachish is of outstanding historical and biblical importance and the expedition made unique discoveries, including the Lachish Letters, documents from the time of the prophet Jeremiah. The excavation results were fully published in four large volumes of outstanding quality, thanks to Olga Tufnell. The expedition, which was sponsored by some of the richest people in England, reflects the social order of its time, as well as the local situation in Palestine before and during the Arab revolt. The book publishes primary historical sources: 68 biweekly reports sent from Palestine to London during the years 1932โ€“1938, and 112 other relevant documents.

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